1) Explain what is AWS?
AWS
stands for Amazon Web Service. It is a collection of remote computing services
also known as cloud computing platform. This new realm of cloud computing
is also known as IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service.
2) Mention what are the key components of
AWS?
The
key components of AWS are
·
Route 53: A DNS web service
·
Simple E-mail Service: It allows sending e-mail
using RESTFUL API call or via regular SMTP
·
Identity and Access
Management: It provides enhanced security and identity management
for your AWS account
·
Simple Storage Device or
(S3): It is a storage device and the most widely used
AWS service
·
Elastic Compute Cloud
(EC2): It provides on-demand
computing resources for hosting applications. It is very useful in case of
unpredictable workloads
·
Elastic Block Store
(EBS): It provides persistent storage volumes that
attach to EC2 to allow you to persist data past the lifespan of a single EC2
·
Cloud Watch: To monitor AWS resources,
It allows administrators to view and collect key Also, one can set a
notification alarm in case of trouble.
3) Explain what is S3?
S3
stands for Simple Storage Service. You can use S3 interface to store and
retrieve any amount of data, at any time and from any where on the web.
For S3, the payment model is “pay as you go”.
4) Explain what is AMI?
AMI stands for Amazon
Machine Image. It’s a template that provides the information (an operating system,
an application server and
applications) required to launch an instance, which is a copy of the AMI
running as a virtual server in the cloud. You can launch instances from
as many different AMIs as you need.
5) Mention what is the relation between
an instance and AMI?
From
a single AMI, you can launch multiple types of instances. An instance
type defines the hardware of the host computer used for your instance. Each
instance type provides different compute and memory capabilities. Once
you launch an instance, it looks like a traditional host, and we can interact
with it as we would with any computer.
6) What does an AMI include?
An
AMI includes the following things
·
A template for the root volume for the instance
·
Launch permissions decide which AWS accounts
can avail the AMI to launch instances
·
A block device mapping that determines the
volumes to attach to the instance when it is launched
7) How can you send request to Amazon S3?
Amazon
S3 is a REST service, you can send request by using the REST API or the AWS SDK
wrapper libraries that wrap the underlying Amazon S3 REST API.
8) Mention what
is the difference between Amazon S3 and EC2?
The difference between EC2 and Amazon S3 is that
EC2
|
S3
|
·
It is a cloud web service used for hosting
your application
|
·
It is a data storage system where any amount
of data can be stored
|
·
It is like a huge computer machine which can
run either Linux or Windows and can handle application like PHP, Python,
Apache or any databases
|
·
It has a REST interface and uses secure
HMAC-SHA1 authentication keys
|
9) How many buckets can you create in AWS by default?
By default, you can create up to 100 buckets in each of your
AWS accounts.
10) Explain can you vertically scale an Amazon instance? How?
Yes, you can vertically scale on Amazon instance. For that
·
Spin up a new larger
instance than the one you are currently running
·
Pause that instance and
detach the root webs volume from the server and discard
·
Then stop your live
instance and detach its root volume
·
Note the unique device
ID and attach that root volume to your new server
·
And start it again
11) Explain what is T2 instances?
T2 instances are designed to provide moderate base line
performance and the capability to burst to higher performance as required by
workload.
12) In VPC with private and public subnets, database servers
should ideally be launched into which subnet?
With private and public subnets in VPC, database servers
should ideally launch into private subnets.
13) Mention what are the security best practices for Amazon
EC2?
For secure Amazon EC2 best practices, follow the following
steps
·
Use AWS identity and
access management to control access to your AWS resources
·
Restrict access by
allowing only trusted hosts or networks to access ports on your instance
·
Review the rules in
your security groups regularly
·
Only open up
permissions that your require
·
Disable password-based
login, for instance, launched from your AMI
14) Explain how the buffer is used in Amazon web services?
The buffer is used to make the system more robust to manage
traffic or load by synchronizing different component. Usually, components
receive and process the requests in an unbalanced way, With the help of buffer,
the components will be balanced and will work at the same speed to provide
faster services.
15) While connecting to your instance what are the possible
connection issues one might face?
The possible connection errors one might encounter while
connecting instances are
·
Connection timed out
·
User key not recognized
by the server
·
Host key not found,
permission denied
·
Unprotected private key
file
·
Server refused our key
or No supported authentication method available
·
Error using MindTerm on
Safari Browser
·
Error using Mac OS X
RDP Client
16) What are the advantages of using cloud
computing?
The
advantages of using cloud computing are
a)
Data backup and storage of data
b)
Powerful server capabilities
c)
SaaS ( Software as a service)
d)
Information technology sandboxing capabilities
e)
Increase in productivity
f)
Cost effective & Time saving
17) Mention platforms which are used for
large scale cloud computing?
The
platforms that are used for large scale cloud computing are
a)
Apache Hadoop
b)
MapReduce
18) Explain different models for deployment
in cloud computing?
The
different deployment models in cloud computing are
a)
Private Cloud
b)
Public Cloud
c)
Community Cloud
d)
Hybrid Cloud
19) What is the difference in cloud
computing and computing for mobiles?
Mobile
computing uses the same concept as cloud computing. Cloud computing
becomes active with the data with the help of internet rather than individual
device. It provides users with the data which they have to retrieve on
demand. In mobile, the applications runs on the remote server and gives
user the access for storage and manage.
20) How user can gain from utility
computing?
Utility
computing allows the user to pay only for what they are using. It is a plug-in
managed by an organization which decides what type of services has to be deployed
from the cloud.
Most
organizations prefer hybrid strategy.
21) For a transport in cloud how you
can secure your data?
To
secure your data while transporting them from one place to another, check that
there is no leak with the encryption key implemented with the data you are
sending.
22) What are the security aspects provided
with cloud?
a)
Identity management: It authorizes the application services
b)
Access control: permission has to be provided to the users so that they can control
the access of another user who is entering into the cloud environment.
c)
Authentication and Authorization: Allows only the authorized and authenticated
user only to access the data and applications
23) List out different layers which define
cloud architecture?
The
different layers used by cloud architecture are
a)
CLC or Cloud Controller
b)
Walrus
c)
Cluster Controller
d)
SC or Storage Controller
e)
NC or Node Controller
24) What are system integrators in Cloud
Computing?
In
Cloud Computing, systems integrator provides the strategy of the complicated
process used to design a cloud platform. Integrator allows to create more
accurate hybrid and private cloud network, as integrators have all the
knowledge about the data center creation.
25) What is “ EUCALYPTUS” stands for?
“
EUCALYPTUS” stands for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture For Linking Your
Programs To Useful Systems”
26) Explain what is the use of
“EUCALYPTUS” in cloud computing?
“Eucalyptus”
is an open source software infrastructure in cloud computing, which is used to
implement clusters in cloud computing platform. It is used to build public,
hybrid and private clouds. It has the ability to produce your own data center
into a private cloud and allows you to use its functionality to many other
organizations.
27) What is the requirement of
virtualization platform in implementing cloud?
The
requirement of virtualization platform in implementing cloud is to
a)
Manage the service level policies
b)
Cloud Operating System
c)
Virtualization platforms helps to keep the backend level and user level
concepts different from each other
28) Before going for cloud computing
plat form what are the essential things to be taken in concern by users?
a)
Compliance
b)
Loss of data
c)
Data storage
d)
Business continuity
e)
Up time
f)
Data integrity in cloud computing
29) Mention some open source cloud
computing platform databases?
The
open source cloud computing platform databases are
a)
MongoDB
b)
CouchDB
c)
LucidDB
30) What are the security laws which are
implemented to secure data in a cloud ?
The
security laws which are implemented to secure data in cloud are
a)
Processing: Control the data that is being processed correctly and completely
in an application
b)
File: It manages and control the data being manipulated in any of the file
c) Output reconciliation: It controls the data which has to be reconciled
from input to output
d)
Input Validation: Control the input data
e)
Security and Backup: It provides security and backup it also controls the
security breaches logs
31) Mention the name of some large cloud
providers and databases?
a)
Google big table
b)
Amazon simpleDB
c)
Cloud based SQL
32) Explain the difference between cloud
and traditional data centers?
a)
The cost of the traditional data center is higher due to heating and
hardware/software issues
b)
Cloud gets scaled when the demand increases. Majority of the expenses are
spent on the maintenance of the data centers, while that is not the case
with cloud computing
33) Explain what are the different modes of
software as a service (SaaS)?
a)
Simple multi-tenancy : In this each user has independent resources and
are different from other users, it is an efficient mode.
b)
Fine grain multi-tenancy: In this type, the resources can be shared by
many but the functionality remains the same.
34) What is the use
of API’s in cloud services?
API’s
( Application Programming Interface) is very
useful in cloud platforms
a) It eliminates the need to
write the fully fledged programs
b) It provides the instructions
to make communication between one or more applications
c) It allows easy
creation of applications and link the cloud services with other systems
35) What are the
different data centers deployed for cloud computing?
Cloud computing consists of different data centers like
a) Containerized Datacenters
b) Low Density Datacenters
36) In cloud
computing what are the different layers?
The different layers of cloud computing are:
a) SaaS: Software as a Service
, it provides users access directly to the cloud application without
installing anything on the system.
b) IaaS: Infrastructure as a
service, it provides the infrastructure in terms of hardware like memory,
processor speed etc.
c) PaaS: Platform as a
service, it provides cloud application platform for the developers
37) How important
is the platform as a service?
Platform as a service or PAAS is an important layer in cloud
computing. It provides application platform for providers. It is
responsible for providing complete virtualization of the infrastructure layer
and makes it work like a single server.
38) What is a cloud
service?
Cloud service is used to build cloud applications using the
server in a network through internet. It provides the facility of using
the cloud application without installing it on the computer. It also reduces
the maintenance and support of the application which are developed using cloud
service.
39) List down the
three basic clouds in cloud computing?
a) Professional cloud
b) Personal cloud
c) Performance cloud
40) As a
infrastructure as a service what are the resources that are provided by it?
IAAS ( Infrastructure As A Service) provides virtual and
physical resources that are used to build a cloud. It deals with the
complexities of deploying and maintaining of the services provided by this
layer. Here the infrastructure is the servers, storage and other hardware
systems.
41) What are the
business benefits involved in cloud architecture?
The benefits involved in cloud architecture is
a) Zero infrastructure
investment
b) Just in time infrastructure
c) More efficient
resource utilization
42) What are the
characteristics of cloud architecture that separates it from traditional one?
The characteristics that makes cloud architecture above
traditional architecture is
a) According to the demand
cloud architecture provides the hardware requirement
b) Cloud architecture is
capable of scaling the resource on demand
c) Cloud architecture is
capable of managing and handling dynamic workloads without failure
43) Mention what is
the difference between elasticity and scalability in cloud computing?
Scalability is a characteristics of cloud computing through
which increasing workload can be handled by increasing in proportion the amount
of resource capacity. Whereas, elasticity, is being one of the
characteristics that highlights the concept of commissioning and
decommissioning of a large amount of resource capacity.
44) Mention the
services that are provided by Window Azure Operating System?
Window Azure provides three core services which are given as
a) Compute
b) Storage
c) Management
45) In cloud
architecture what are the different components that are required?
a) Cloud Ingress
b) Processor Speed
c) Cloud storage services
d) Cloud provided services
e) Intra-cloud communications
46) In cloud
architecture what are the different phases involved?
a) Launch Phase
b) Monitor Phase
c) Shutdown Phase
d) Cleanup Phase
47) List down the
basic characteristics of cloud computing?
a) Elasticity and Scalability
b) Self-service provisioning
and automatic de-provisioning
c) Standardized
interfaces
d) Billing self service based
usage model
48) In cloud
architecture what are the building blocks?
a) Reference architecture
b) Technical architecture
c) Deployment operation
architecture
49) Mention in what
ways cloud architecture provide automation and performance transparency?
To provide the performance transparency and automation there
are many tools used by cloud architecture. It allows to manage the cloud
architecture and monitor reports. It also allows them to share the application
using the cloud architecture. Automation is the key component of cloud
architecture which helps to improve the degree of quality.
50) In cloud
computing explain the role of performance cloud?
Performance cloud is useful in transferring maximum amount of
data instantly. It is used by the professionals who work on high
performance computing research.
51) Explain hybrid
and community cloud?
Hybrid cloud: It consists of multiple service providers. It
is a combination of public and private cloud features. It is used by the
company when they require both private and public clouds both.
Community Cloud: This model is quite expensive and is
used when the organizations having common goals and requirements, and are ready
to share the benefits of the cloud service.
52) In cloud what
are the optimizing strategies?
To overcome the maintenance cost and to optimize the
resources ,there is a concept of three data center in cloud which provides
recovery and back-up in case of disaster or system failure and keeps all the
data safe and intact.
53) What is Amazon
SQS?
To communicate between different connectors Amazon SQS
message is used, between various components of AMAZON, it acts as a
communicator.
54) How buffer is
used to Amazon web services?
In order to make system more efficient against the burst of
traffic or load, buffer is used. It synchronizes different component . The
component always receives and processes the request in an unbalanced way.
The balance between different components are managed by buffer, and makes them
work at the same speed to provide faster services.
55)
Mention what is Hypervisor in cloud computing and their types?
Hypervisor is a Virtual Machine Monitor which manages
resources for virtual machines. There are mainly two types of hypervisors
Type 1: The guest Vm runs directly over the host hardware, eg
Xen, VmWare ESXI
Type 2: The guest Vm
runs over hardware through a host OS, eg Kvm, oracle virtualbox
56) What is Amazon EC2 service?
Ans:
EC2 uses Xen virtualization. Each virtual machine, called an “instance”. You
can use Amazon EC2 to launch as many or as couple of virtual servers as you
need, design security and networking, and manage storage. Amazon EC2 empowers
you to scale up or down to handle changes in requirements.
57) What is Amazon Machine Image (AMI)?
Ans:
An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that contains a software
configuration (for example, an operating system, an application server, and
applications). From an AMI, we launch an instance, which is a copy of the AMI
running as a virtual server in the cloud. We can launch multiple instances of
an AMI.
58) What is the relation between Instance and AMI?
Ans:
We can launch different types of instances from a single AMI. An instance type
essentially determines the hardware of the host computer used for your
instance. Each instance type offers different compute and memory capabilities.
After
we launch an instance, it looks like a traditional host, and we can interact
with it as we would any computer. We have complete control of our instances; we
can use sudo to run commands that require root privileges.
59) What are the Security Best Practices for Amazon
EC2?
Ans:
There are several best practices for secure Amazon EC2. Following are few of
them.
· Use AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
to control access to your AWS resources.
· Restrict access by only allowing trusted
hosts or networks to access ports on your instance.
· Review the rules in your security groups
regularly, and ensure that you apply the principle of least
· Privilege — only open up permissions that
you require.
· Disable password-based logins for instances
launched from your AMI. Passwords can be found or cracked, and are a security
risk.
60) Explain Stopping, Starting, and Terminating an
Amazon EC2 instance?
Ans:
Stopping and Starting an
instance: When an instance is stopped, the
instance performs a normal shutdown and then transitions to a stopped state.
All of its Amazon EBS volumes remain attached, and you can start the instance
again at a later time. You are not charged for additional instance hours while
the instance is in a stopped state.
Terminating an instance:
When an instance is terminated, the instance performs a normal shutdown, then
the attached Amazon EBS volumes are deleted unless the volume’s
delete On Termination attribute is set to false. The instance itself is also
deleted, and you can’t start the instance again at a later time.
61) How to use Amazon SQS?
Ans:
Amazon SQS is a message passing mechanism that is used for communication
between different connectors that are connected with each other. It also acts
as a communicator between various components of Amazon. It keeps all the
different functional components together. This functionality helps different
components to be loosely coupled, and provide an architecture that is more
failure resilient system.
62) How buffer is used in Amazon web services?
Ans:
Buffer is used to make the system more resilient to burst of traffic or load by
synchronizing different component. The components always receive and process
the requests in unbalanced way. Buffer keeps the balance between different
components and makes them work at the same speed to provide faster services.
63) How does cloud computing provides on-demand
functionality?
Ans:
Cloud computing is a metaphor used for internet. It provides on-demand access
to virtualized IT resources that can be shared by others or subscribed by you.
It provides an easy way to provide configurable resources by taking it from a
shared pool. The pool consists of networks, servers, storage, applications and
services.
64) What is the difference between scalability and
elasticity?
Ans:
Scalability is a characteristic of cloud computing through which increasing
workload can be handled by increasing in proportion the amount of resource
capacity. It allows the architecture to provide on demand resources if the
requirement is being raised by the traffic. Whereas, elasticity is being one of
the characteristic provide the concept of commissioning and decommissioning of
large amount of resource capacity dynamically. It is measured by the speed by
which the resources are coming on demand and the usage of the resources.
65) What are the different layers of cloud computing?
Ans:
Cloud computing consists of 3 layers in the hierarchy and these are as follows:
1.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides cloud infrastructure in terms of
hardware like memory, processor speed etc.
2.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides cloud application platform for the
developers.
3.
Software as a Service (SaaS) provides cloud applications which are used by the
user directly without installing anything on the system. The application
remains on the cloud and it can be saved and edited in there only.
66) How to secure your data for transport in cloud?
Ans:
Cloud computing provides very good and easy to use feature to an organization,
but at the same time it brings lots of question that how secure is the data,
which has to be transported from one place to another in cloud. So, to make
sure it remains secure when it moves from point A to point B in cloud, check
that there is no data leak with the encryption key implemented with the data
you sending.
67. What is an AMI? How do I build one?
AMI stands for
Amazon Machine Image. It is effectively a snapshot of the root
filesystem. Commodity hardware servers have a bios that points the the
master boot record of the first block on a disk. A disk image though can
sit anywhere physically on a disk, so Linux can boot from an arbitrary location
on the EBS storage network.
68. Need an AWS expert?
Build a new AMI by
first spinning up and instance from a trusted AMI. Then adding packages
and components as required. Be wary of putting sensitive data onto an
AMI. For instance your access credentials should be added to an instance
after spinup. With a database, mount an outside volume that holds your
MySQL data after spinup as well.
69. What
is auto-scaling? How does it work?
Autoscaling
is a feature of AWS which allows you to configure and automatically provision
and spinup new instances without the need for your intervention. You do
this by setting thresholds and metrics to monitor. When those thresholds
are crossed a new instance of your choosing will be spun up, configured, and
rolled into the load balancer pool. Voila you’ve scaled horizontally
without any operator intervention!
With MySQL databases autoscaling can get a little dicey,
so we wrote a guide to autoscaling MySQL on amazon EC2.
70. What is S3? What is it used for? Should encryption be used?
S3
stands for Simple Storage Service. You can think of it like ftp storage,
where you can move files to and from there, but not mount it like a
filesystem. AWS automatically puts your snapshots there, as well as AMIs
there. Encryption should be considered for sensitive data, as S3 is a
proprietary technology developed by Amazon themselves, and as yet unproven
vis-a-vis a security standpoint.
ANSWER - All of the above
Cloud Computing:
Cloud Computing
is nothing but sharing of computing resorcess.
Why Cloud service is popular?
·
Reduce
to complexity of networks.
·
Do
not have to buy software licenses.
·
Customization.
·
Reliability.
·
Efficiency.
·
Cloud
Providers that have specialized in a particular area (such as a e-mail) can
bring advanced services that a single company might not be able to afford or
develop.
Redshift:
·
Redshift can Provision a Redshift cluster with from a
single node to 100 nodes configuration depending on the processing and storage capacity required.
·
Redshift node come in two sizes XL & 8XL.
·
XL node comes with 2TB attached storage and
·
8XL node comes with 16TB attached storage.
·
Clusters can have a maximum of 32XL node (64TB)
(OR) 100 8XL nodes (1.6PB).
Amazon Redshift is what type of data warehouse
service?
ANSWER - Petabyte-scale
Amazon Redshift is a fully-managed, petabyte-scale data
warehouse service.
What does MPP stand for when referring to the
type of architecture Redshift has?
ANSWER - massively parallel processing
Redshift has a massively parallel processing architecture that
parallelizes and distributes SQL operations to take advantage of available
resources.
Redshift can provide fast query performance by
leveraging _______ storage approaches and technology.
ANSWER - columnar
MORE INFORMATION:
Redshift can provide fast query performance by leveraging
columnar storage approaches and technology, much of which is
taken from enterprise database technology.
Amazon's Redshift data warehouse allows
enterprise IT pros to execute ________ against ____ data sets.
ANSWER - complex SQL queries / large
Amazon's Redshift data warehouse allows
enterprise IT pros to execute complex SQL queries against large
data sets.
Redshift was designed to alleviate the
frustrating, time-consuming challenges database clusters have imposed on _____
administrators?
ANSWER - database
Redshift was designed to alleviate the frustrating,
time-consuming challenges database clusters have imposed on database
administrators.
True or False: Amazon Redshift is adept at
handling data analysis workflows.
ANSWER - True
There currently are two Amazon
data warehouse services adept at handling data analysis
workflows: Amazon Redshift and Amazon Relational Database Service.
Adding nodes to a Redshift cluster provides
_______ performance improvements.
ANSWER - both
Adding nodes to a Redshift cluster provides linear or
near-linear performance improvements.
The preferred way to load data into Redshift
is through ______ using the COPY command.
·
Remote hosts
·
Simple Storage Service
·
Elastic MapReduce
·
All of the above
ANSWER - All of the above
The preferred way to load data into Redshift is through remote
hosts, Simple Storage Service or Elastic MapReduce using the COPY command. The
COPY command executes loads in parallel and has the option to compress data
during the load process.
Amazon Redshift has how many pricing
components?
ANSWER - 3
Amazon Redshift has three pricing components: data warehouse
node hours, backup storage and data transfer.
What type of API provides a management
interface to manage data warehouse clusters programmatically?
ANSWER - Query
The Amazon Redshift Query API provides a management interface to
manage data warehouse clusters programmatically.
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