SQL: LIKE Condition

The LIKE condition allows you to use wildcards in the where clause of an SQL statement. This allows you to perform pattern matching. The LIKE condition can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert, update, or delete.

The patterns that you can choose from are:

% allows you to match any string of any length (including zero length)
_ allows you to match on a single character

Examples using % wildcard

The first example that we'll take a look at involves using % in the where clause of a select statement. We are going to try to find all of the suppliers whose name begins with 'Hew'.

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name like 'Hew%';

You can also using the wildcard multiple times within the same string. For example,

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name like '%bob%';

In this example, we are looking for all suppliers whose name contains the characters 'bob'.

You could also use the LIKE condition to find suppliers whose name does not start with 'T'. For example,

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name not like 'T%';

By placing the not keyword in front of the LIKE condition, you are able to retrieve all suppliers whose name does not start with 'T'.

Examples using _ wildcard

Next, let's explain how the _ wildcard works. Remember that the _ is looking for only one character.

For Example:
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name like 'Sm_th';

This SQL statement would return all suppliers whose name is 5 characters long, where the first two characters is 'Sm' and the last two characters is 'th'. For example, it could return suppliers whose name is 'Smith', 'Smyth', 'Smath', 'Smeth', etc.

Here is another example:

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE account_number like '12317_';

You might find that you are looking for an account number, but you only have 5 of the 6 digits. The example above, would retrieve potentially 10 records back (where the missing value could equal anything from 0 to 9). For example, it could return suppliers whose account numbers are:

123170
123171
123172
123173
123174
123175
123176
123177
123178
123179.

Examples using Escape Characters

Next, in Oracle, let's say you wanted to search for a % or a _ character in a LIKE condition. You can do this using an Escape character.
Please note that you can define an escape character as a single character (length of 1) ONLY.

For Example:

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name LIKE '!%' escape '!';

This SQL statement identifies the ! character as an escape character. This statement will return all suppliers whose name is %.

Here is another more complicated example:

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name LIKE 'H%!%' escape '!';

This example returns all suppliers whose name starts with H and ends in %. For example, it would return a value such as 'Hello%'.

You can also use the Escape character with the _ character. For example,

SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name LIKE 'H%!_' escape '!';

This example returns all suppliers whose name starts with H and ends in _. For example, it would return a value such as 'Hello_'.

Frequently Asked Questions

Question: How do you incorporate the Oracle upper function with the LIKE condition? I'm trying to query against a free text field for all records containing the word "test". The problem is that it can be entered in the following ways: TEST, Test, or test.

Answer: To answer this question, let's take a look at an example.
Let's say that we have a suppliers table with a field called supplier_name that contains the values TEST, Test, or test.
If we wanted to find all records containing the word "test", regardless of whether it was stored as TEST, Test, or test, we could run either of the following SQL statements:
select * from suppliers
where upper(supplier_name) like ('TEST%');
or
select * from suppliers
where upper(supplier_name) like upper('test%')
These SQL statements use a combination of the upper function and the LIKE condition to return all of the records where the supplier_name field contains the word "test", regardless of whether it was stored as TEST, Test, or test.

Practice Exercise #1:

Based on the employees table populated with the following data, find all records whose employee_name ends with the letter "h".

CREATE TABLE employees
(	employee_number	number(10)	not null,
	employee_name	varchar2(50)	not null,
	salary	number(6),
	CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number)
);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1001, 'John Smith', 62000);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1002, 'Jane Anderson', 57500);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1003, 'Brad Everest', 71000);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1004, 'Jack Horvath', 42000);

Solution:
The following SQL statement would return the records whose employee_name ends with the letter "h".

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_name LIKE '%h';

It would return the following result set:

EMPLOYEE_NUMBER	EMPLOYEE_NAME	SALARY
1001	John Smith	62000
1004	Jack Horvath	42000

Practice Exercise #2:

Based on the employees table populated with the following data, find all records whose employee_name contains the letter "s".

CREATE TABLE employees
(	employee_number	number(10)	not null,
	employee_name	varchar2(50)	not null,
	salary	number(6),
	CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number)
);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1001, 'John Smith', 62000);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1002, 'Jane Anderson', 57500);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1003, 'Brad Everest', 71000);

INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1004, 'Jack Horvath', 42000);

Solution:
The following SQL statement would return the records whose employee_name contains the letter "s".

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE employee_name LIKE '%s%';

It would return the following result set:

EMPLOYEE_NUMBER	EMPLOYEE_NAME	SALARY
1002	Jane Anderson	57500
1003	Brad Everest	71000

Practice Exercise #3:

Based on the suppliers table populated with the following data, find all records whose supplier_id is 4 digits and starts with "500".

CREATE TABLE suppliers
(	supplier_id	varchar2(10)	not null,
	supplier_name	varchar2(50)	not null,
	city	varchar2(50),
	CONSTRAINT suppliers_pk PRIMARY KEY (supplier_id)
);

INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5008', 'Microsoft', 'New York');

INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5009', 'IBM', 'Chicago');

INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5010', 'Red Hat', 'Detroit');

INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5011', 'NVIDIA', 'New York');

Solution:
The following SQL statement would return the records whose supplier_id is 4 digits and starts with "500".

select *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id LIKE '500_';

It would return the following result set:

SUPPLIER_ID	SUPPLIER_NAME	CITY
5008	Microsoft	New York
5009	IBM	Chicago

SQL: Local Temporary Tables

Local temporary tables are distinct within modules and embedded SQL programs within SQL sessions.

The basic syntax is:

DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE table_name ( ...);

SQL: Global Temporary Tables

Global temporary tables are distinct within SQL sessions.
The basic syntax is:

CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE table_name ( ...);

For Example:

CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE supplier
(	supplier_id	numeric(10)	not null,
	supplier_name	varchar2(50)	not null,
	contact_name	varchar2(50)
)

This would create a global temporary table called supplier .

SQL: GROUP BY Clause

The GROUP BY clause can be used in a SELECT statement to collect data across multiple records and group the results by one or more columns.

The syntax for the GROUP BY clause is:

SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n;

aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.

Example using the SUM function:

For example, you could also use the SUM function to return the name of the department and the total sales (in the associated department).

SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department;

Because you have listed one column in your SELECT statement that is not encapsulated in the SUM function, you must use a GROUP BY clause. The department field must, therefore, be listed in the GROUP BY section.

Example using the COUNT function:

For example, you could use the COUNT function to return the name of the department and the number of employees (in the associated department) that make over $25,000 / year.

SELECT department, COUNT(*) as "Number of employees"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 25000
GROUP BY department;

Example using the MIN function:

For example, you could also use the MIN function to return the name of each department and the minimum salary in the department.

SELECT department, MIN(salary) as "Lowest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

Example using the MAX function:

For example, you could also use the MAX function to return the name of each department and the maximum salary in the department.

SELECT department, MAX(salary) as "Highest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

SQL: HAVING Clause

The HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause. It can be used in a SELECT statement to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns.

The syntax for the HAVING clause is:

SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n
HAVING condition1 ... condition_n;

aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.

Example using the SUM function:

For example, you could also use the SUM function to return the name of the department and the total sales (in the associated department). The HAVING clause will filter the results so that only departments with sales greater than $1000 will be returned.

SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department
HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000;

Example using the COUNT function:

For example, you could use the COUNT function to return the name of the department and the number of employees (in the associated department) that make over $25,000 / year. The HAVING clause will filter the results so that only departments with more than 10 employees will be returned.

SELECT department, COUNT(*) as "Number of employees"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 25000
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;

Example using the MIN function:

For example, you could also use the MIN function to return the name of each department and the minimum salary in the department. The HAVING clause will return only those departments where the starting salary is $35,000.

SELECT department, MIN(salary) as "Lowest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MIN(salary) = 35000;

Example using the MAX function:

For example, you could also use the MAX function to return the name of each department and the maximum salary in the department. The HAVING clause will return only those departments whose maximum salary is less than $50,000.

SELECT department, MAX(salary) as "Highest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MAX(salary) < 50000;

Pages

57. LIKE Condition And Local Temporary Tables